It has inverted sloped sides that allow rainwater to drain into it and contains vegetation and mulch designed to remove pollutants before the water infiltrates into the soil. Bioswale A bioswale is a landscape element designed to capture storm water run-off from adjacent surface areas. A basement is included in floor area calculations. By contrast, a cellar has at least one-half of its floor-to-ceiling height below curb level or the base plane. Basement* A basement is a building story that has at least one-half of its floor-to-ceiling height above curb level or the base plane. Often, the base plane is at curb level on sites that slope upwards or downwards from a street, or on large lots where buildings are far from a street, the base plane is adjusted to more accurately reflect the level at which the building meets the ground. It is utilized in most lower-density and contextual districts, and for property subject to waterfront zoning. Base Plane* The base plane is a horizontal plane from which the height of a building is measured. A building is required to meet a minimum base height only when the height of the building will exceed the maximum base height. Base Height The base height of a building is the maximum permitted height of the front wall of a building before any required setback. Specified zoning requirements if certain findings haveīeen met. To the affected community board(s), which modifies Authorization An authorization is a discretionary action taken by theĬity Planning Commission, often after an informal referral Outside of Lower Density Growth Management Areas (LDGMA), the increased floor area must be directly beneath the pitched roof and have a ceiling height between five and eight feet. This method outperforms laser diffraction particle analysis when determining particle sizes of samples with large aspect ratios.Attic Allowance in Lower Density Growth Management Areas As the particles pass through the aperture, electric pulses are recorded and the concentration and volumes of the particles are measured. This uses an electrolytic solution in which the particles are suspended and which runs through an aperture. One common method (which is not available in the MCL), is the electrical sensing zone method. In order to obtain more accurate results, other characterization methods may be employed as well. In order to determine the impact of these biases, distributions can be compared to known standards. This happens most commonly in samples with large aspect ratios. Some common discrepancies include an oversized distribution, meaning a distribution with an overly large width (showing larger and smaller particles than actually exists). In order to account for biases within these methods, it is important to note the possible areas of a distribution that could be impacted. These methods primarily include the Mie and Frauenhofer methods. It is vital to keep particle shape in mind because the large majority of laser-based particle size analysis instruments rely heavily on methods that make the assumption of spherical particles. the fiber length (FL) to the fiber width (FW)Įxamples of these and other methods of particle aspect ratio calculation can be seen here.The lest bounding rectangle length (LBRL) to the least bounding rectangle width (LBRW).The greatest Feret’s diameter (GFD) to the least Feret’s diameter (LFD).Some examples of calculations for the aspect ratio: This is especially true of particles that have unclear lengths and widths, like the ones in the figure below. The aspect ratio can be determined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of individual particles, and can be calculated in different ways. Empirical analysis has shown that the smaller the aspect ratio of a particle, the more its true data will agree with those found using models that assume perfect spheres. One important value to keep in mind when conducting PSA is called the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the length to the width of a particle. Some examples of minerals whose particles are extremely nonspherical include Wollastonite (rod-shaped) and Garnet crystals (cubic). This can make conducting particle size analysis (PSA) through laser diffraction difficult as it assumes that particles are spherical. Particles can exist in a myriad of different shapes.
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